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Airbus A321

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A321
An A321-200 of American Airlines, the largest operator
General information
TypeNarrow-body jet airliner
National originMultinational[a]
ManufacturerAirbus
StatusIn service
Primary usersAmerican Airlines
Number built3,338 as of 30 November 2024[1]
History
Manufactured1992–2021 (A321ceo) 2012–present (A321neo)
Introduction date27 January 1994 with Lufthansa
First flight11 March 1993
Developed fromAirbus A320
Developed intoAirbus A320neo
Airbus A321neo

The Airbus A321 is a member of the Airbus A320 family of short to medium range, narrow-body, commercial passenger twin engine jet airliners;[b] it carries 185 to 236 passengers. It has a stretched fuselage which was the first derivative of the baseline A320 and entered service in 1994, about six years after the original A320. The aircraft shares a common type rating with all other Airbus A320-family variants, allowing A320-family pilots to fly the aircraft without the need for further training.

In December 2010, Airbus announced a new generation of the A320 family, the A320neo (new engine option).[2] The similarly lengthened fuselage A321neo variant offers new, more efficient engines, combined with airframe improvements and the addition of winglets (called Sharklets by Airbus). The aircraft delivers fuel savings of up to 15%. The A321neo carries up to 244 passengers, with a maximum range of 4,000 nmi (7,400 km; 4,600 mi) for the long-range version when carrying no more than 206 passengers.[3]

Final assembly of the aircraft takes place in Hamburg, Germany, Mobile, Alabama, United States, Tianjin, China,[4] and Toulouse, France.[5] As of November 2024, a total of 3,338 A321 airliners have been delivered, of which 3,259 are in service. In addition, another 5,240 A321neo aircraft are on firm order. American Airlines is the largest operator of the Airbus A321 with 300 examples in its fleet.[1]

Development

[edit]
The A321 entered service in January 1994 with Lufthansa; seen here is an A321-100.

The Airbus A321 was the first derivative of the A320, also known as the Stretched A320, A320-500 and A325.[6][7] Its launch came on 24 November 1988, around the same time as the A320 entered service, after commitments for 183 aircraft from 10 customers were secured.[6][8]

An Airbus A321 on final assembly line 3 in the Airbus Hamburg-Finkenwerder plant

The maiden flight of the Airbus A321 came on 11 March 1993, when the prototype, registration F-WWIA, flew with IAE V2500 engines; the second prototype, equipped with CFM56-5B turbofans, flew in May 1993. Lufthansa and Alitalia were the first to order the stretched Airbuses, with 20 and 40 aircraft requested, respectively. The first of Lufthansa's V2500-A5-powered A321s arrived on 27 January 1994, while Alitalia received its first CFM56-5B-powered aircraft on 22 March 1994.[9] The A321-100 entered service in January 1994 with Lufthansa.[10]

Final assembly for the A321 was carried out in Germany (then West Germany), a first for any Airbus.[11] This came after a dispute between the French, who claimed that the move would incur $150 million (€135 million) in unnecessary expenditure associated with the new plant,[6] and the Germans, who claimed that it would be more productive for Airbus in the long run. The second production line was located in Hamburg, which later produced the smaller Airbus A319 and A318. For the first time, Airbus entered the bond market, through which it raised $480 million (€475 million) to finance development costs.[8] An additional $180 million (€175 million) was borrowed from European Investment Bank and private investors.[12]

The A321 is the largest variant of the A320 family.[13][3] The A321-200's length exceeds 44.5 m (146 ft), increasing maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) to 93,000 kg (205,000 lb).[6] Wingspan remained unchanged, supplementing various wingtip devices. Two suppliers provided turbofan engines for the A321: CFM International with its CFM56 and International Aero Engines with the V2500 engine, both in the thrust range of 133–147 kN (30,000–33,000 lbf).

Over 30 years since launch, the A321 MTOW grew by 20% from the 83 t (183,000 lb) -100 to the 101 t (223,000 lb) A321XLR, seating became 10% more dense with 244 seats, up by 24, and range doubled from 2,300 to 4,700 nmi (4,300 to 8,700 km; 2,600 to 5,400 mi).[14] By 2019, 4,200 had been ordered—one-quarter of all Airbus single-aisles—including 2,400 neos, one-third of all A320neo orders.[14]

Design

[edit]
The A321 has double-slotted flaps.

The Airbus A321 is a narrow-body (single-aisle) aircraft with a retractable tricycle landing gear, powered by two wing pylon-mounted turbofan engines. It is a low-wing cantilever monoplane with a conventional tail unit having a single vertical stabilizer and rudder. Changes from the A320 include a fuselage stretch and some modifications to the wing. The fuselage was lengthened by a 4.27 m (14 ft 0 in) plug ahead of the wing and a 2.67 m (8 ft 9 in) plug behind it, making the A321 6.94 m (22 ft 9 in) longer than the A320.[3][13][6][15] The length increase required the overwing window exits of the A320 to be converted into door exits and repositioned in front of and behind the wings.[9] To maintain performance, double-slotted flaps and minor trailing edge modifications were included,[6] increasing the wing area from 124 m2 (1,330 sq ft) to 128 m2 (1,380 sq ft).[16] The centre fuselage and undercarriage were reinforced to accommodate a 9,600 kg (21,200 lb) increase in maximum takeoff weight, taking it to 83,000 kg (183,000 lb).[6]

Variants

[edit]
Airbus A32X family
The A320's overwing exits were replaced by type 'C' doors in front of and behind the wings for the A321, although some A321neos with the Cabin Flex arrangement kept the overwing exits.

A321-100

[edit]

The original derivative of the A321, the A321-100, had shorter range than the A320 because no extra fuel tank was added to compensate for the increased weight. The MTOW of the A321-100 is 83,000 kg (183,000 lb). The A321-100 entered service with Lufthansa in 1994. Only about 90 were produced; a few were later converted to the A321-200 variant.[citation needed]

A321-200

[edit]

Airbus began development of the heavier and longer-range A321-200 in 1995 to give the A321 full-passenger transcontinental US range. This was achieved through higher thrust engines (V2533-A5 or CFM56-5B3), minor structural strengthening, and an increase in fuel capacity with the installation of one or two optional 2,990 L (790 US gal) tanks in the rear underfloor hold.[15] The additional fuel tanks increased the total capacity to 30,030 L (7,930 US gal). These modifications also increased the maximum takeoff weight of the A321-200 to 93,000 kg (205,000 lb). This variant first flew in December 1996, and entered service with Monarch Airlines in April 1997. The following month, Middle East Airlines received its first A321-200 in May 1997. Its direct competitors include the 757-200 and the 737-900/900ER.

A321neo

[edit]
The A321neo has larger CFM LEAP or PW1000G turbofans. This Turkish Airlines A321neo has PW1000G engines.
Main article: Airbus A321neo

On 1 December 2010, Airbus launched the A320neo family (neo for New Engine Option) with 500 nmi (930 km; 580 mi) more range and 15% better fuel efficiency, thanks to new CFM International LEAP-1A or Pratt & Whitney PW1000G engines and large sharklets.[17] The lengthened A321neo prototype made its first flight on 9 February 2016.[18] It received its type certification on 15 December 2016.[19] The first entered service in May 2017 with Virgin America.[20]

A321LR

[edit]
An Arkia A321LR in 2019
Main article: Airbus A321neo § A321LR

In October 2014, Airbus started marketing a longer range 97 t (214,000 lb) maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) variant with three auxiliary fuel tanks, giving it 100 nmi (190 km; 120 mi) more operational range than a Boeing 757-200.[21]

Airbus launched the A321LR (Long Range) on 13 January 2015; it has a range of 4,000 nmi (7,400 km; 4,600 mi) with 206 seats in two classes.[22][23] On 31 January 2018, the variant completed its first flight.[24]

Airbus announced its certification on 2 October 2018.[25] On 13 November 2018, Arkia received the first A321LR.[26]

A321XLR

[edit]
Main article: Airbus A321neo § A321XLR
An A321XLR prototype taxiing at Airbus Hamburg-Finkenwerder

The A321XLR is an A321LR variant with a further increased MTOW[27] intended to compete with the Boeing NMA,[28] which has since been put on hold.

The variant was launched at the June 2019 Paris Air Show, with a range of 4,700 nmi (8,700 km; 5,400 mi). It included a new permanent Rear Centre Tank (RCT) for more fuel, a strengthened landing gear for a 101 t (223,000 lb) MTOW and an optimised wing trailing-edge flap configuration to preserve take-off performance.[29]

In June 2022, the A321XLR completed its first flight.[30] Iberia was scheduled to be the launch customer. The first A321XLR was delivered to Iberia on October 30, 2024.[31] The first flight with passengers was on November 6, 2024.[32][33] The first long-haul flight with passengers was on 14 November 2024, from Madrid to Boston.[34]

Freighter conversion

[edit]
Main article: Airbus A320 family, Passenger-to-freighter (P2F)

While no freighter version of the A321 has been built new by Airbus, a first attempt of converting used A320/321 into freighter aircraft was undertaken by Airbus Freighter Conversion GmbH. The program, however, was canceled in 2011 before any aircraft were converted.[35]

On 17 June 2015, ST Aerospace signed agreements with Airbus and EFW for a collaboration to launch the A320/A321 passenger-to-freighter (P2F) conversion programme.[36] The initial converted aircraft first flew on 22 January 2020. On 27 October 2020, the first A321-200P2F was delivered to launch operator Qantas Freight.[37]

The A321-200PCF is a passenger to freighter conversion, developed by Precision Conversions and certificated in 2021.

Sine Draco Aviation also offers an A321 passenger-to-freighter conversion programme; its first conversion is expected for the first quarter of 2022.[38]

On 15 March 2022, Lufthansa Cargo started to operate its A321F, a cargo variant of the A321.[39]

Operators

[edit]
Main article: List of Airbus A320 family operators

As of November 2024, 3,259 Airbus A321 aircraft (1705 ceo+1554 neo) were in service with more than 100 operators.[1] American Airlines and Delta Air Lines operate the largest A321 fleets of 300 and 195 aircraft, respectively.[1]

Orders and deliveries

[edit]
See also: List of Airbus A320 orders
Type Orders Deliveries
Total Backlog Total 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010
A321ceo 1,784 — 1,784 — — — 22 9 38 99 183 222 184 150 102 83 66 51
A321neo 6,794 5,240 1,554 306 317 264 199 178 168 102 20 — — — — — — —
(A321) (8,578) (5,240) (3,338) (306) (317) (264) (221) (187) (206) (201) (203) (222) (184) (150) (102) (83) (66) (51)
Type Deliveries
2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994
A321ceo 87 66 51 30 17 35 33 35 49 28 33 35 22 16 22 16
A321neo — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
(A321) (87) (66) (51) (30) (17) (35) (33) (35) (49) (28) (33) (35) (22) (16) (22) (16)

Data as of November 2024[1][40]

Accidents and incidents

[edit]
Main article: Accidents and incidents involving the Airbus A320 family

For the Airbus A321, 32 aviation accidents and incidents have occurred,[41] including six hull-loss accidents or criminal occurrences with a total of 377 fatalities as of August 2019.[42][43]

Specifications

[edit]
Variant A321[3] A321neo[44] A321LR A321XLR
Cockpit crew Two
2-class seats 185 (16F @ 36 in, 169Y @ 32 in)[45] 206 (16J @ 36 in + 190Y @ 30 in)[46]
1-class max. 220[47][48] 240 @ 28 in[49]
Cargo capacity 51.70 m3 (1,826 cu ft) / 10×LD3-45s[c]
Length 44.51 m (146 ft)
Wingspan 35.80 m (117 ft 5 in) [d]
Wing 122.4 m2 (1,318 sq ft) area, 25° sweep[50]
Height 11.76 m (38.6 ft)
Fuselage 3.95 by 4.14 m (13.0 by 13.6 ft) width × height, 3.70 m (12.1 ft) wide cabin
Max. takeoff weight 93.5 t (206,000 lb) 97 t (213,800 lb) 101 t (223,000 lb)
Max. payload 25.3 t (56,000 lb) 25.5 t (56,200 lb)[51]: 3-2-1 
Op. empty weight 48.5 t (107,000 lb)[45] 50.1 t (110,500 lb)
Fuel capacity 24,050–30,030 L (6,350–7,930 US gal) 23,490–29,474 L (6,205–7,786 US gal)[e] 23,490–32,853 L (6,205–8,679 US gal)[f] 32,940 L (8,700 US gal)
Engines (×2) CFM56-5B, 68.3 in (1.73 m) fan
IAE V2500-A5, 63.5 in (1.61 m) fan 		CFM LEAP-1A, 78 in (1.98 m) fan
PW1100G-JM, 81 in (2.06 m) fan
Max. thrust (×2)[52] 133–142.34 kN (29,900–32,000 lbf) 143.05–147.28 kN (32,160–33,110 lbf)
Speed Cruise: Mach 0.78 (450 kn; 833 km/h; 518 mph)[53]
Max.: Mach 0.82 (473 kn; 876 km/h; 544 mph)[52]
Ceiling 39,100–39,800 ft (11,900–12,100 m)[52]
Typical range 3,200 nmi (5,930 km; 3,680 mi)[g] 3,500 nmi (6,480 km; 4,030 mi)[54] 4,000 nmi (7,410 km; 4,600 mi)[h] 4,700 nmi (8,700 km; 5,410 mi)

Engines

[edit]
Aircraft model Certification date Engines[52] Take-off thrust Max. continuous
A321-111 27 May 1994 CFM56-5B1 133.44 kN (30,000 lbf) 129.40 kN (29,090 lbf)
A321-112 15 February 1994 CFM56-5B2 or 5B2/P 137.89 kN (31,000 lbf) 129.40 kN (29,090 lbf)
A321-131 17 December 1993 IAE V2530-A5 133.00 kN (29,900 lbf) 119.88 kN (26,950 lbf)
A321-211 20 March 1997 CFM56-5B3 or 5B3/P or 5B3/2P 142.34 kN (32,000 lbf) 129.40 kN (29,090 lbf)
A321-212 31 August 2001 CFM56-5B1 or 5B1/P or 5B1/2P 133.44 kN (30,000 lbf) 129.40 kN (29,090 lbf)
A321-213 31 August 2001 CFM56-5B2 or 5B2/P 137.89 kN (31,000 lbf) 129.40 kN (29,090 lbf)
A321-231 20 March 1997 IAE V2533-A5 140.55 kN (31,600 lbf) 119.88 kN (26,950 lbf)
A321-232 31 August 2001 IAE V2530-A5 133.00 kN (29,900 lbf) 119.88 kN (26,950 lbf)
A321-251N 15 December 2016 CFM LEAP-1A32 143.05 kN (32,160 lbf) 119.88 kN (26,950 lbf)
A321-252N 18 December 2017 CFM LEAP-1A30 143.05 kN (32,160 lbf) 119.88 kN (26,950 lbf)
A321-253N 3 March 2017 CFM LEAP-1A33 143.05 kN (32,160 lbf) 119.88 kN (26,950 lbf)
A321-271N 15 December 2016 PW1133G-JM 147.28 kN (33,110 lbf) 145.81 kN (32,780 lbf)
A321-272N 23 May 2017 PW1130G-JM 147.28 kN (33,110 lbf) 145.81 kN (32,780 lbf)
A321-251NX 22 March 2018 CFM LEAP-1A32 143.05 kN (32,160 lbf) 119.88 kN (26,950 lbf)
A321-252NX 22 March 2018 CFM LEAP-1A30 143.05 kN (32,160 lbf) 119.88 kN (26,950 lbf)
A321-253NX 22 March 2018 CFM LEAP-1A33 143.05 kN (32,160 lbf) 119.88 kN (26,950 lbf)
A321-271NX 22 March 2018 PW1133G-JM 147.28 kN (33,110 lbf) 145.81 kN (32,780 lbf)
A321-272NX 22 March 2018 PW1130G-JM 147.28 kN (33,110 lbf) 145.81 kN (32,780 lbf)

See also

[edit]

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The Airbus A321 is built in Hamburg, Germany and Mobile, Alabama, United States
  2. ^ Airbus was originally a consortium of European aerospace companies named, Airbus Industrie, and is now fully owned by Airbus, originally named EADS. Airbus' name has been Airbus SAS since 2001.
  3. ^ no additional centre tank
  4. ^ with sharklets
  5. ^ 0–2 additional centre tank[51]
  6. ^ 0–3 additional centre tank
  7. ^ sharklets, typical passengers and bags
  8. ^ with 206 passengers

References

[edit]
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